In architecture and interior design, circulation refers to the movement patterns and flow of people through a building or space. It encompasses the pathways, corridors, stairs, elevators, and other elements that allow people to navigate and access different areas of a building.

Circulation is a fundamental aspect of building design, as it affects the functionality, efficiency, and experience of the spaces. Well-designed circulation systems provide clear, intuitive, and accessible routes for people to move through the building, while poorly designed circulation can lead to confusion, congestion, and safety hazards.

There are several key considerations in designing circulation systems:

1. Hierarchy: Circulation systems often have a hierarchy of primary, secondary, and tertiary routes, depending on the importance and frequency of use. Primary routes, such as main entrances and corridors, should be clearly visible and easily accessible, while secondary and tertiary routes may be more discreet and serve specific functions.

2. Efficiency: Circulation systems should be designed to minimize travel distances and time, and to avoid unnecessary or redundant paths. This can be achieved through strategic placement of vertical circulation elements, such as stairs and elevators, and through the use of open, flexible spaces that allow for multiple circulation options.

3. Wayfinding: Circulation systems should be designed to support intuitive wayfinding, using visual cues, signage, and spatial landmarks to help people orient themselves and navigate the building. This is particularly important in complex or large-scale buildings, such as hospitals, airports, or shopping centers.

4. Accessibility: Circulation systems must be designed to accommodate people with different abilities and needs, including those with mobility, visual, or cognitive impairments. This includes providing accessible routes, clear signage, and assistive technologies, such as ramps, handrails, and audible cues.

5. Experience: Circulation systems can also be designed to create a specific spatial experience or sequence, using techniques such as compression and release, framing and revealing, or spatial hierarchy. This can enhance the emotional and sensory impact of the spaces and create a more engaging and memorable journey through the building.

Circulation systems can take many different forms, depending on the type and scale of the building, as well as the specific functional and aesthetic requirements. Some common types of circulation systems include:

• Linear: A simple, straight-line circulation system, often used in small-scale or repetitive spaces, such as dormitories or office buildings.

• Radial: A circulation system that radiates out from a central point, often used in buildings with a strong central focus, such as a atrium or courtyard.

• Grid: A circulation system that follows a regular, orthogonal grid, often used in large-scale or modular buildings, such as hospitals or universities.

• Network: A circulation system that consists of multiple, interconnected paths and nodes, often used in complex or multi-functional buildings, such as museums or mixed-use developments.

The design of circulation systems is a critical aspect of architecture and interior design, as it directly impacts the usability, safety, and experience of the spaces. By carefully considering the hierarchy, efficiency, wayfinding, accessibility, and experiential qualities of circulation, designers can create buildings that are both functional and engaging, and that support the needs and aspirations of the people who use them.